Oil Analysis and Lubrication Dictionary
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Abrasion -- a general wearing away of a surface by constant scratching, usually
due to the presence of foreign matter such as dirt, grit, or metallic particles
in the lubricant. It may also cause a break down of the material (such as the
tooth surfaces of gears). Lack of proper lubrication may result in abrasion.
Abrasive wear -- (or cutting wear) comes about when hard surface asperities
or hard particles that have embedded themselves into a soft surface and plough
grooves into the opposing harder surface, e.g., a journal.
Absolute filtration rating -- the diameter of the largest hard spherical particle
that will pass through a filter under specified test conditions. This is an
indication of the largest opening in the filter elements.
Absolute Viscosity -- a term used interchangeably with viscosity to distinguish
it from either kinematic viscosity or commercial viscosity. Absolute viscosity
is the ratio of shear stress to shear rate. It is a fluid's internal resistance
to flow. The common unit of absolute viscosity is the poise. Absolute viscosity
divided by fluid density equals kinematic viscosity. It is occasionally referred
to as dynamic viscosity. Absolute viscosity and kinematic viscosity are expressed
in fundamental units. Commercial viscosity such as Saybolt viscosity is expressed
in arbitrary units of time, usually seconds.
Absorbent filter -- a filter medium that holds contaminant by mechanical means.
Absorption -- the assimilation of one material into another; in petroleum refining,
the use of an absorptive liquid to selectively remove components from a process
stream.
AC Fine Test Dust (ACFTD)-- A test contaminant used to assess both filters
and the contaminant sensitivity of all types of tribological mechanisms.
Accumulator -- a container in which fluid is stored under pressure as a source
of fluid power.
Acid -- in a restricted sense, any substance containing hydrogen in combination
with a nonmetal or nonmetallic radical and capable of producing hydrogen ions
in solution.
Acidity -- in lubricants, acidity denotes the presence of acid-type constituents
whose concentration is usually defined in terms of total acid number. The constituents
vary in nature and may or may not markedly influence the behavior of the lubricant.
Additive -- a compound that enhances some property of, or imparts some new
property to, the base fluid. In some hydraulic fluid formulations, the additive
volume may constitute as much as 20 percent of the final composition. The more
important types of additives include anti-oxidants, anti-wear additives, corrosion
inhibitors, viscosity index improvers, and foam suppressants.
Additive stability -- the ability of additives in the fluid to resist changes
in their performance during storage or use.
Adhesion -- the property of a lubricant that causes it to cling or adhere to
a solid surface.
Adhesive wear -- is often referred to as galling, scuffing, scoring, or seizing.
It happens when sliding surfaces contact one another, causing fragments to be
pulled from one surface and to adhere to the other.
Adsorbent filter -- a filter medium primarily intended to hold soluble and
insoluble contaminants on its surface by molecular adhesion.
Adsorption -- adhesion of the molecules of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances
to a solid surface, resulting in relatively high concentration of the molecules
at the place of contact; e.g. the plating out of an anti-wear additive on metal
surfaces.
Adsorptive filtration -- the attraction to, and retention of particles in,
a filter medium by electrostatic forces, or by molecular attraction between
the particles and the medium.
Aeration -- the state of air being suspended in a liquid such as a lubricant
or hydraulic fluid.
A.G.M.A. -- abbreviation for "American Gear Manufacturers Associations,"
an organization serving the gear industry.
Agglomeration -- the potential of the system for particle attraction and adhesion.
Air, Compressed -- air at any pressure greater than atmospheric pressure.
Air Breather -- a device permitting air movement between atmosphere and the
component in/on which it is installed.
Alkali -- any substance having basic (as opposed to acidic) properties. In
a restricted sense it is applied to the hydroxides of ammonium, lithium, potassium
and sodium. Alkaline materials in lubricating oils neutralize acids to prevent
acidic and corrosive wear in internal combustion engines.
Analytical ferrography -- the magnetic precipitation and subsequent analysis
of wear debris from a fluid sample This approach involves passing a volume of
fluid over a chemically treated microscope slide which is supported over a magnetic
field. Permanent magnets are arranged in such a way as to create a varying field
strength over the length of the substrate. This varying strength causes wear
debris to precipitate in a distribution with respect to size and mass over the
Ferrogram. Once rinsed and fixed to the substrate, this debris deposit serves
as an excellent media for optical analysis of the composite wear particulates.
Anhydrous -- devoid of water.
Anti-foam agent -- one of two types of additives used to reduce foaming in
petroleum products: silicone oil to break up large surface bubbles, and various
kinds of polymers that decrease the amount of small bubbles entrained in the
oils.
Anti-friction bearing -- a rolling contact type bearing in which the rotating
or moving member is supported or guided by means of ball or roller elements.
Does not mean without friction.
Anti-oxidants -- prolong the induction period of a base oil in the presence
of oxidizing conditions and catalyst metals at elevated temperatures. The additive
is consumed and degradation products increase not only with increasing and sustained
temperature, but also with increases in mechanical agitation or turbulence and
contamination -- air, water, metallic particles, and dust.
Antistatic additive -- an additive that increases the conductivity of a hydrocarbon
fuel to hasten the dissipation of electrostatic charges during high-speed dispensing,
thereby reducing the fire/explosion hazard.
Antiwear additives -- improve the service life of tribological elements operating
in the boundary lubrication regime. Antiwear compounds (for example, ZDDP and
TCP) start decomposing at 90° to 100°C and even at a lower temperature
if water (25 to 50 ppm) is present.
API engine service categories -- gasoline and diesel engine oil quality levels
established jointly by API, SAE, and ASTM, and sometimes called SAE or API/SAE
categories; formerly called API Engine Service Classifications.
API gravity -- a gravity scale established by the American Petroleum Institute
and in general use in the petroleum industry, the unit being called "the
A.P.I. degree." This unit is defined in terms of specific gravity as follows:
141.5 } - 131.5
>{Specific gravity 60° F/60° F }
Ash -- a measure of the amount of inorganic material in lubricating oil. Determined
by burning the oil and weighing the residue. Results expressed as percent by
weight.
Asperities -- microscopic projections on metal surfaces resulting from normal
surface-finishing processes. Interference between opposing asperities in sliding
or rolling applications is a source of friction, and can lead to metal welding
and scoring. Ideally, the lubricating film between two moving surfaces should
be thicker than the combined height of the opposing asperities.
A.S.T.M. = American Society for Testing Materials" -- a society for developing
standards for materials and test methods.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy -- measures the radiation absorbed by chemically
unbound atoms by analyzing the transmitted energy relative to the incident energy
at each frequency. The procedure consists of diluting the fluid sample with
methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) and directly aspirating the solution. The actual
process of atomization involves reducing the solution to a fine spray, dissolving
it, and finally vaporizing it with a flame. The vaporization of the metal particles
depends upon their time in the flame, the flame temperature, and the composition
of the flame gas. The spectrum occurs because atoms in the vapor state can absorb
radiation at certain well-defined characteristic wave lengths. The wave length
bands absorbed are very narrow and differ for each element. In addition, the
absorption of radiant energy by electronic transitions from ground to excited
state is essentially and absolute measure of the number of atoms in the flame
and is, therefore, the concentration of the element in a sample.
Automatic Transmission Fluid (ATF) -- fluid for automatic, hydraulic transmissions
in motor vehicles.
Axial-load bearing -- a bearing in which the load acts in the direction of
the axis of rotation.
Babbitt -- a soft, white, non-ferrous alloy bearing material composed principally
of copper, antimony, tin and lead.
Bactericide -- additive included in the formulations of water-mixed cutting
fluids to inhibit the growth of bacteria promoted by the presence of water,
thus preventing odors that can result from bacterial action.
Ball bearing -- an antifriction rolling type bearing containing rolling elements
in the form of balls.
Barrel -- a unit of liquid volume of petroleum oils equal to 42 U.S. gallons
or approximately 35 Imperial gallons.
Base -- a material which neutralizes acids. An oil additive containing colloidally
dispersed metal carbonate, used to reduce corrosive wear.
Base stock -- the base fluid, usually a refined petroleum fraction or a selected
synthetic material, into which additives are blended to produce finished lubricants.
Bearing -- a support or guide by means of which a moving part such as a shaft
or axle is positioned with respect to the other parts of a mechanism.
Beta Rating -- the method of comparing filter performance based on efficiency.
This is done using the Multi-Pass Test which counts the number of particles
of a given size before and after fluid passes through a filter.
Beta-Ratio (ß-Ratio) -- the ratio of the number of particles greater
than a given size in the influent fluid to the number of particles greater than
the same size in the effluent fluid, under specified test conditions (see "Multi-Pass
Test").
Bitumen -- also called asphalt or tar, bitumen is the brown or black viscous
residue from the vacuum distillation of crude petroleum. It also occurs in nature
as asphalt "lakes" and "tar sands." It consists of high
molecular weight hydrocarbons and minor amounts of sulfur and nitrogen compounds.
Black oils -- lubricants containing asphaltic materials, which impart extra
adhesiveness, that are used for open gears and steel cables.
Blow-by -- passage of unburned fuel and combustion gases past the piston rings
of internal combustion engines, resulting in fuel dilution and contamination
of the crankcase oil.
Boundary lubrication -- form of lubrication between two rubbing surfaces without
development of a full-fluid lubricating film. Boundary lubrication can be made
more effective by including additives in the lubricating oil that provide a
stronger oil film, thus preventing excessive friction and possible scoring.
There are varying degrees of boundary lubrication, depending on the severity
of service. For mild conditions, oiliness agents may be used; by plating out
on metal surfaces in a thin but durable film, oiliness agents prevent scoring
under some conditions that are too severe for a straight mineral oil. Compounded
oils, which are formulated with polar fatty oils, are sometimes used for this
purpose. Anti-wear additives are commonly used in more severe boundary lubrication
applications. The more severe cases of boundary lubrication are defined as extreme
pressure conditions; they are met with lubricants containing EP additives that
prevent sliding surfaces from fusing together at high local temperatures and
pressures.
Breakdown maintenance -- maintenance performed after a machine has failed to
return it to an operating state.
Bridging -- a condition of filter element loading in which contaminant spans
the space between adjacent sections of a filter element, thus blocking a portion
of the useful filtration.
Bright stock -- a heavy residual lubricant stock with low pour point, used
in finished blends to provide good bearing film strength, prevent scuffing,
and reduce oil consumption. Usually identified by its viscosity, SUS at 210°F
or cSt at 100°C.
Brinelling -- permanent deformation of the bearing surfaces where the rollers
(or balls) contact the races. Brinelling results from excessive load or impact
on stationary bearings. It is a form of mechanical damage in which metal is
displaced or upset without attrition.
Brookfield viscosity -- apparent viscosity in cP determined by Brookfield viscometer,
which measures the torque required to rotate a spindle at constant speed in
oil of a given temperature. Basis for ASTM Method D 2983; used for measuring
low temperature viscosity of lubricants.
BTU -- British thermal unit. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature
of 1 pound of water 1 degree Fahrenheit.
Bubble point -- the differential gas pressure at which the first steady stream
of gas bubbles is emitted from a wetted filter element under specified test
conditions.
Built-in-dirt -- Material passed into the effluent stream composed of foreign
materials incorporated into the filter medium.
Bulk modulus (of elasticity) -- a ratio of normal stress to a change in volume.
A term used in determining the compressibility of a fluid. Data for petroleum
products can be found in the International Critical Tables.
Burst pressure rating -- the maximum specified inside-out differential pressure
that can be applied to a filter element without outward structural or filter-medium
failure.
Bushing -- a short, externally threaded connector with a smaller size internal
thread.
Bypass Filtration -- a system of filtration in which only a portion of the
total flow of a circulating fluid system passes through a filter at any instant
or in which a filter having its own circulating pump operates in parallel to
the main flow.
Bypass valve (Relief valve) -- a valve mechanism that assures system fluid
flow when a preselected differential pressure across the filter element is exceeded;
the valve allows all or part of the flow to bypass the filter element.
Cams -- eccentric shafts used in most internal combustion engines to open and
close valves.
Capacity -- the amount of contaminants a filter will hold before an excessive
pressure drop is caused. Most filters have bypass valves which open when a filter
reaches its rated capacity.
Capillarity -- a property of a solid-liquid system manifested by the tendency
of the liquid in contact with the solid to rise above or fall below the level
of the surrounding liquid; this phenomenon is seen in a smallbore (capillary)
tube.
Carbon -- a non-metallic element - No. 6 in the periodic table. Diamonds and
graphite are pure forms of carbon. Carbon is a constituent of all organic compounds.
It also occurs in combined form in many inorganic substances; i.e., carbon dioxide,
limestone, etc.
Carbon residue -- coked material remaining after an oil has been exposed to
high temperatures under controlled conditions.
Carbonyl iron powder -- a contaminant which consists of up to 99.5% pure iron
spheres.
Case drain filter -- a filter located in a line conducting fluid from a pump
or motor housing to reservoir.
Catalyst -- a substance which speeds a chemical action without undergoing a
chemical change itself during the process. Now used in catalytic converters
to control amount of unburned hydrocarbons and CO in automobile exhaust.
Catalytic converter -- an integral part of vehicle emission control systems
since 1975. Oxidizing converters remove hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide (CO)
from exhaust gases, while reducing converters control nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions.
Both use noble metal (platinum, palladium or rhodium) catalysts that can be
"poisoned" by lead compounds in the fuel or lubricant.
Catastrophic failure -- sudden, unexpected failure of a machine resulting in
considerable cost and downtime.
Cavitation -- formation of an air or vapor pocket (or bubble) due to lowering
of pressure in a liquid, often as a result of a solid body, such as a propeller
or piston, moving through the liquid; also, the pitting or wearing away of a
solid surface as a result of the collapse of a vapor bubble. Cavitation can
occur in a hydraulic system as a result of low fluid levels that draw air into
the system, producing tiny bubbles that expand explosively at the pump outlet,
causing metal erosion and eventual pump destruction.
Cavitation erosion -- a material-damaging process which occurs as a result
of vaporous cavitation. "Cavitation" refers to the occurrence or formation
of gas- or vapor- filled pockets in flowing liquids due to the hydrodynamic
generation of low pressure (below atmospheric pressure). This damage results
from the hammering action when cavitation bubbles implode in the flow stream.
Ultra-high pressures caused by the collapse of the vapor bubbles produce deformation,
material failure and, finally, erosion of the surfaces.
Cellulose Media -- a filter material made from plant fibers. Because cellulose
is a natural material, its fibers are rough in texture and vary in size and
shape. Compared to synthetic media, these characteristics create a higher restriction
to the flow of fluids.
Centipoise (cp) -- a unit of absolute viscosity. 1 centipoise = 0.01 poise.
Centistoke (cst) -- a unit of kinematic viscosity. 1 centistoke = 0.01 stoke.
Centralized lubrication -- a system of lubrication in which a metered amount
of lubricant or lubricants for the bearing surfaces of a machine or group of
machines are supplied from a central location.
Centrifugal separator -- a separator that removes immiscible fluid and solid
contaminants that have a different specific gravity than the fluid being purified
by accelerating the fluid mechanically in a circular path and using the radial
acceleration component to isolate these contaminants.
Chemical stability -- the tendency of a substance or mixture to resist chemical
change.
Chip control (grit control, last-chance) filter -- a filter intended to prevent
only large particles from entering a component immediately downstream.
Circulating lubrication -- a system of lubrication in which the lubricant,
after having passed through a bearing or group of bearings, is recirculated
by means of a pump.
Cleanable -- a filter element which, when loaded, can be restored by a suitable
process, to an acceptable percentage of its original dirt capacity.
Clean room -- a facility or enclosure in which air content and other conditions
(such as temperature, humidity, and pressure) are controlled and maintained
at a specific level by special facilities and operating processes and by trained
personnel.
Cleanliness level (CL) -- a measure of relative freedom from contaminants.
Clearance bearing -- a journal bearing in which the radius of the bearing surface
is greater than the radius of the journal surface.
Cloud point -- the temperature at which waxy crystals in an oil or fuel form
a cloudy appearance.
Coalescor -- a separator that divides a mixture or emulsion of two immiscible
liquids using the interfacial tension between the two liquids and the difference
in wetting of the two liquids on a particular porous medium.
Coefficient of friction -- the number obtained by dividing the friction force
resisting motion between two bodies by the normal force pressing the bodies
together.
Cohesion -- that property of a substance that causes it to resist being pulled
apart by mechanical means.
Cold cranking simulator (CCS) -- an intermediate shear rate viscometer that
predicts the ability of an oil to permit a satisfactory cranking speed to be
developed in a cold engine.
Collapse -- an inward structural failure of a filter element which can occur
due to abnormally high pressure drop (differential pressure) or resistance to
flow.
Collapse pressure -- the minimum differential pressure that an element is designed
to withstand without permanent deformation.
Compound -- (1) chemically speaking, a distinct substance formed by the combination
of two or more elements in definite proportions by weight and possessing physical
and chemical properties different from those of the combining elements. (2)
in petroleum processing, generally connotes fatty oils and similar materials
foreign to petroleum added to lubricants to impart special properties.
Compounded oil -- a petroleum oil to which has been added other chemical substances.
Compressibility -- the change in volume of a unit volume of a fluid when subjected
to a unit change of pressure.
Compression ratio -- in an internal combustion engine, the ratio of the volume
of combustion space at bottom dead center to that at top dead center.
Compressor -- a device which converts mechanical force and motion into pneumatic
fluid power.
Consistency -- the degree to which a semisolid material such as grease resists
deformation. (See ASTM designation D 217.) Sometimes used qualitatively to denote
viscosity of liquids.
Contaminant -- any foreign or unwanted substance that can have a negative effect
on system operation, life or reliability.
Contaminant (Dirt, ACFTD) capacity -- the weight of a specified artificial
contaminant that must be added to the influent to produce a given differential
pressure across a filter at specified conditions. Used as an indication of relative
service life.
Contaminant Failure -- any loss of performance due to the presence of contamination.
Two basic types of contamination failure are: Perceptible -- gradual loss of
efficiency or performance, and Catastrophic -- dramatic, unexpected failure.
Contaminant lock -- a particle or fiber-induced jam caused by solid contaminants.
Contamination control -- a broad subject which applies to all types of material
systems (including both biological and engineering). It is concerned with planning,
organizing, managing, and implementing all activities required to determine,
achieve and maintain a specified contamination level.
Coolant -- a fluid used to remove heat. See Cutting fluid.
Copper strip corrosion -- a qualitative measure of the tendency of a petroleum
product to corrode pure copper.
Core -- the internal duct and filter media support.
% Correl -- the percentage of peaks in the used oil infrared spectrum which
match those in the reference oil. A sudden decrease in this value usually means
that the oil was mixed with a different type.
Corrosion -- the decay and loss of a metal due to a chemical reaction between
the metal and its environment. It is a transformation process in which the metal
passes from its elemental form to a combined (or compound) form.
Corrosion inhibitor -- additive for protecting lubricated metal surfaces against
chemical attack by water or other contaminants. There are several types of corrosion
inhibitors. Polar compounds wet the metal surface preferentially, protecting
it with a film of oil. Other compounds may absorb water by incorporating it
in a water-in-oil emulsion so that only the oil touches the metal surface. Another
type of corrosion inhibitor combines chemically with the metal to present a
non-reactive surface.
Coupling, quick disconnect -- a coupling which can quickly join or separate
lines.
Coupling -- a straight connector for fluid lines.
Cracking -- the process whereby large molecules are broken down by the application
of heat and pressure to form smaller molecules.
Crown -- the top of the piston in an internal combustion engine above the fire
ring, exposed to direct flame impingement.
Cryogenics -- the branch of physics relating to the production and effects
of very low temperatures.
Cutting fluid -- any fluid applied to a cutting tool to assist in the cutting
operation by cooling, lubricating or other means.
Cycle -- a single complete operation consisting of progressive phases starting
and ending at the neutral position.
Cylinder -- a device which converts fluid power into linear mechanical force
and motion. It usually consists of a moveable element such as a piston and piston
rod, plunger rod, plunger or ram, operating with in a cylindrical bore.
Deaerator -- a separator that removes air from the system fluid through the
application of bubble dynamics.
Degas -- removing air from a liquid, usually by ultrasonic and/or vacuum methods.
Degradation -- the progressive failure of a machine or lubricant.
Dehydrator -- a separator that removes water from the system fluid.
Delamination wear -- a complex wear process where a machine surface is peeled
away or otherwise removed by forces of another surface acting on it in a sliding
motion.
Demulsibility -- the ability of a fluid that is insoluble in water to separate
from water with which it may be mixed in the form of an emulsion.
Density -- the mass of a unit volume of a substance. Its numerical value varies
with the units used.
Deposits -- oil-insoluble materials that result from oxidation and decomposition
of lube oil and contamination from external sources and engine blow-by. These
can settle out on machine or engine parts. Examples are sludge, varnish, lacquer
and carbon.
Depth filter -- a filter medium that retains contaminants primarily within
tortuous passages.
Desorption -- opposite of absorption or adsorption. In filtration, it relates
to the downstream release of particles previously retained by the filter.
Detergent -- in lubrication, either an additive or a compounded lubricant having
the property of keeping insoluble matter in suspension thus preventing its deposition
where it would be harmful. A detergent may also redisperse deposits already
formed.
Dielectric Strength -- a measure of the ability of an insulating material to
withstand electric stress (voltage) without failure. Fluids with high dielectric
strength (usually expressed in volts or kilovolts) are good electrical insulators.
(ASTM Designation D 877.)
Differential pressure indicator -- an indicator which signals the difference
in pressure between any two points of a system or a component.
Dirt capacity (dust capacity) (contaminant capacity) -- the weight of a specified
artificial contaminant which must be added to the influent to produce a given
differential pressure across a filter at specified conditions. Used as an indication
of relative service life.
Dispersant -- in lubrication, a term usually used interchangeably with detergent.
An additive, usually nonmetallic ("ashless"), which keeps fine particles
of insoluble materials in a homogeneous solution. Hence, particles are not permitted
to settle out and accumulate.
Disposable -- a filter element intended to be discarded and replaced after
one service cycle.
Dissolved gases -- those gases that enter into solution with a fluid and are
neither free nor entrained gases.
Distillation method (ASTM D-95) -- a method involving distilling the fluid
sample in the presence of a solvent that is miscible in the sample but immiscible
in water. The water distilled from the fluid is condensed and segregated in
a specially-designed receiving tube or tray graduated to directly indicate the
volume of water distilled.
Drum -- a container with a capacity of 55 U.S. gallons.
Duplex filter -- an assembly of two filters with valving for selection of either
or both filters.
Effluent -- the fluid leaving a component.
Elastohydrodynamic lubrication -- in rolling element bearings, the elastic
deformation of the bearing (flattening) as it rolls, under load, in the bearing
race. This momentary flattening improves the hydrodynamic lubrication properties
by converting point or line contact to surface-to-surface contact.
Electrostatic separator -- a separator that removes contaminant from dielectric
fluids by applying an electrical charge to the contaminant that is then attracted
to a collection device of different electrical charge.
Element (Cartridge) -- the porous device that performs the actual process of
filtration.
Emission spectrometer -- works on the basis that atoms of metallic and other
particular elements emit light at characteristic wavelengths when they are excited
in a flame, arc, or spark. Excited light is directed through an entrance slit
in the spectrometer. This light penetrates the slit, falls on a grate, and is
dispersed and reflected. The spectrometer is calibrated by a series of standard
samples containing known amounts of the elements of interest. By exciting these
standard samples, an analytical curve can be established which gives the relationship
between the light intensity and its concentration in the fluid.
Emulsibility -- the ability of a non-water-soluble fluid to form an emulsion
with water.
Emulsifier -- additive that promotes the formation of a stable mixture, or
emulsion, of oil and water. Common emulsifiers are: metallic soaps, certain
animal and vegetable oils, and various polar compounds.
Emulsion -- intimate mixture of oil and water, generally of a milky or cloudy
appearance. Emulsions may be of two types: oil-in water (where water is the
continuous phase) and water-in-oil (where water is the discontinuous phase).
End cap -- a ported or closed cover for the end of a filter element.
Engine deposits -- hard or persistent accumulation of sludge, varnish and carbonaceous
residues due to blow-by of unburned and partially burned fuel, or the partial
breakdown of the crankcase lubricant. Water from the condensation of combustion
products, carbon, residues from fuel or lubricating oil additives, dust and
metal particles also contribute.
Environmental contaminant -- all material and energy present in and around
an operating system, such as dust, air moisture, chemicals, and thermal energy.
EP (Extreme Pressure) lubricants -- lubricants that impart to rubbing surfaces
the ability to carry appreciably greater loads than would be possible with ordinary
lubricants without excessive wear or damage.
Erosion -- the progressive removal of a machine surface by cavitation or by
particle impingement at high velocities.
Extreme pressure (EP) additive -- lubricant additive that prevents sliding
metal surfaces from seizing under conditions of extreme pressure. At the high
local temperatures associated with metal-to-metal contact, an EP additive combines
chemically with the metal to form a surface film that prevents the welding of
opposing asperities, and the consequent scoring that is destructive to sliding
surfaces under high loads. Reactive compounds of sulfur, chlorine, or phosphorus
are used to form these inorganic films.
Fabrication integrity point -- the differential gas pressure at which the first
stream of gas bubbles are emitted from a wetted filter element under standard
test conditions.
False brinelling -- false brinelling of needle roller bearings is actually
a fretting corrosion of the surface since the rollers are the I.D. of the bearing.
Although its appearance is similar to that of brinelling, false brinelling is
characterized by attrition of the steel, and the load on the bearing is less
than that required to produce the resulting impression. It is the result of
a combination of mechanical and chemical action that is not completely understood,
and occurs when a small relative motion or vibration is accompanied by some
loading, in the presence of oxygen.
Fatigue chunks -- thick three-dimensional particles exceeding 50 microns indicating
severe wear of gear teeth.
Fatigue platelets -- normal particles between 20 and 40 microns found in gear
box and rolling element bearing oil samples observed by analytical ferrography.
A sudden increase in the size and quantity of these particles indicates excessive
wear.
Fatigued -- a structural failure of the filter medium due to flexing caused
by cyclic differential pressure.
Ferrography -- an analytical method of assessing machine health by quantifying
and examining ferrous wear particles suspended in the lubricant or hydraulic
fluid.
Film strength -- property of a lubricant that acts to prevent scuffing or scoring
of metal parts.
Filter -- any device or porous substance used as a strainer for cleaning fluids
by removing suspended matter.
Filter Efficiency -- method of expressing a filter's ability to trap and retain
contaminants of a given size.
Filter element -- the porous device which performs the actual process of filtration.
Filter head -- an end closure for the filter case or bowl that contains one
or more ports.
Filter housing -- a ported enclosure that directs the flow of fluid through
the filter element.
Filter life test -- a type of filter capacity test in which a clogging contaminant
is added to the influent of a filter, under specified test conditions, to produce
a given rise in pressure drop across the filter or until a specified reduction
of flow is reached. Filter life may be expressed as test time required to reach
terminal conditions at a specified contaminant addition rate.
Filter media, depth -- porous materials which primarily retain contaminants
within a tortuous path, performing the actual process of filtration.
Filter media, surface -- porous materials which primarily retain contaminants
on the influent face, performing the actual process of filtration.
Filtration (Beta) ratio -- the ratio of the number of particles greater than
a given size in the influent fluid to the number of particles greater than the
same size in the effluent fluid.
Filtration -- the physical or mechanical process of separating insoluble particulate
matter from a fluid, such as air or liquid, by passing the fluid through a filter
medium that will not allow the particulates to pass through it.
Fire point (Clevelend Open Cup) -- the temperature to which a combustible liquid
must be heated so that the released vapor will burn continuously when ignited
under specified conditions.
Fire-resistant fluid -- lubricant used especially in high-temperature or hazardous
hydraulic applications. Three common types of fire-resistant fluids are: (1)
water-petroleum oil emulsions, in which the water prevents burning of the petroleum
constituent; (2) water-glycol fluids; and (3) non-aqueous fluids of low volatility,
such as phosphate esters, silicones, and halogenated hydrocarbon-type fluids.
Flash point (Cleveland Open Cup) -- the temperature to which a combustible
liquid must be heated to give off sufficient vapor to form momentarily a flammable
mixture with air when a small flame is applied under specified conditions. (ASTM
Designation D 92.)
Flow, laminar -- a flow situation in which fluid moves in parallel lamina or
layers.
Flow, turbulent -- a flow situation in which the fluid particles move in a
random manner.
Flow fatigue rating -- the ability of a filter element to resist a structural
failure of the filter medium due to flexing caused by cyclic differential pressure.
Flow rate -- the volume, mass, or weight of a fluid passing through any conductor
per unit of time.
Flowmeter -- a device which indicates either flow rate, total flow, or a combination
of both.
Fluid -- a general classification including liquids and gases.
Fluid, fire resistant -- a fluid difficult to ignite which shows little tendency
to propagate flame.
Fluid compatibility -- the suitability of filtration medium and seal materials
for service with the fluid involved.
Fluid friction -- friction due to the viscosity of fluids.
Fluid opacity -- related to the ability of a fluid to pass light.
Fluid power -- energy transmitted and controlled through use of a pressurized
fluid.
Flushing -- a fluid circulation process designed to remove contamination from
the wetted surfaces of a fluid system.
Force feed lubrication -- a system of lubrication in which the lubricant is
supplied to the bearing surface under pressure.
Fretting -- wear phenomena taking place between two surfaces having oscillatory
relative motion of small amplitude.
Fretting corrosion -- can take place when two metals are held in contact and
subjected to repeated small sliding, relative motions. Other names for this
type of corrosion include wear oxidation, friction oxidation, chafing, and brinelling.
Friction -- the resisting force encountered at the common boundary between
two bodies when, under the action of an external force, one body, moves or tends
to move relative to the surface of the other.
FTIR = Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy -- a test where infrared light
absorption is used for assessing levels of soot, sulfates, oxidation, nitro-oxidation,
glycol, fuel, and water contaminants.
Full flow filter -- a filter that, under specified conditions, filters all
influent flow.
Full-flow filtration -- a system of filtration in which the total flow of a
circulating fluid system passes through a filter.
Full-fluid-film lubrication -- presence of a continuous lubricating film sufficient
to completely separate two surfaces, as distinct from boundary lubrication.
Full-fluid-film lubrication is normally hydrodynamic lubrication, whereby the
oil adheres to the moving part and is drawn into the area between the sliding
surfaces, where it forms a pressure -- or hydrodynamic -- wedge.
Gage -- an instrument or device for measuring, indicating or comparing a physical
characteristic.
Galling -- a form of wear in which seizing or tearing of the gear or bearing
surface occurs.
Gasohol -- a blend of 10% anhydrous ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and 90% gasoline,
by volume. Used as a motor fuel.
Generated contaminant -- caused by a deterioration of critical wetted surfaces
and materials or by a breakdown of the fluid itself.
Graphite -- a crystalline form of carbon having a laminar structure, which
is used as a lubricant. It may be of natural or synthetic origin.
Gravimetric analysis -- a method of analysis whereby the dry weight of contaminant
per unit volume of fluid can be measured showing the degree of contamination
in terms of milligrams of contaminant per litre of fluid.
Gravity -- See Specific Gravity; API Gravity.
Grease -- a lubricant composed of an oil or oils thickened with a soap, soaps
or other thickener to a semisolid or solid consistency.
Hardness -- the resistance of a substance to surface abrasion.
Head -- an end closure for the filter case or bowl which contains one or more
ports.
Heat exchanger -- a device which transfers heat through a conducting wall from
one fluid to another.
Housing -- a ported enclosure which directs the flow of fluid through the filter
element.
Hydraulic Fluid -- fluid serving as the power transmission medium in a hydraulic
system. The most commonly used fluids are petroleum oils, synthetic lubricants,
oil-water emulsions, and water-glycol mixtures. The principal requirements of
a premium hydraulic fluid are proper viscosity, high viscosity index, anti-wear
protection (if needed), good oxidation stability, adequate pour point, good
demulsibility, rust inhibition, resistance to foaming, and compatibility with
seal materials. Anti-wear oils are frequently used in compact, high-pressure,
and capacity pumps that require extra lubrication protection.
Hydraulic Oil -- an oil specially suited for use as either the specific gravity
or the API gravity of a liquid.
Hydraulics -- engineering science pertaining to liquid pressure and flow.
Hydrocarbons -- compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen. Petroleum consists
chiefly of hydrocarbons.
Hydrodynamic lubrication -- a system of lubrication in which the shape and
relative motion of the sliding surfaces causes the formation of a fluid film
having sufficient pressure to separate the surfaces.
Hydrofinishing -- a process for treating raw extracted base stocks with hydrogen
to saturate them for improved stability.
Hydrolysis -- breakdown process that occurs in anhydrous hydraulic fluids as
a result of heat, water, and metal catalysts (iron, steel, copper, etc.)
Hydrolytic stability -- ability of additives and certain synthetic lubricants
to resist chemical decomposition (hydrolysis) in the presence of water.
Hydrometer -- an instrument for determining either the specific gravity of
a liquid or the API gravity.
Hydrostatic lubrication -- a system of lubrication in which the lubricant is
supplied under sufficient external pressure to separate the opposing surfaces
by a fluid film.
Hypoid gear lubricant -- a gear lubricant having extreme pressure characteristics
for use with a hypoid type of gear as in the differential of an automobile.
Image analyzer -- a sophisticated microscopic system involving a microscope,
a television camera, a dedicated computer, and a viewing monitor similar to
a television screen.
Immiscible -- incapable of being mixed without separation of phases. Water
and petroleum oil are immiscible under most conditions, although they can be
made miscible with the addition of an emulsifier.
In-line filter -- a filter assembly in which the inlet, outlet and filter element
axes are in a straight line.
Indicator -- a device which provides external evidence of sensed phenomena.
Indicator, pressure -- an indicator that signals pressure conditions.
Indicator, differential pressure -- an indicator which signals the difference
in pressure between two points, typically between the upstream and downstream
sides of a filter element.
Influent -- the fluid entering a component.
Infrared spectroscopy -- an analytical method using infrared absorption for
assessing the properties of used oil and certain contaminants suspended therein.
See FTIR.
Infrared spectra -- a graph of infrared energy absorbed at various frequencies
in the additive region of the infrared spectrum. The current sample, the reference
oil and the previous samples are usually compared.
Ingested contaminants -- environmental contaminant that ingresses due to the
action of the system or machine.
Ingression level -- particles added per unit of circulating fluid volume.
Inhibitor -- any substance that slows or prevents such chemical reactions as
corrosion or oxidation.
Insolubles -- particles of carbon or agglomerates of carbon and other material.
Indicates deposition or dispersant drop-out in an engine. Not serious in a compressor
or gearbox unless there has been a rapid increase in these particles.
Intensifier -- a device which converts low pressure fluid power into higher
pressure fluid power.
Interfacial tension (IFT) -- the energy per unit area present at the boundary
of two immiscible liquids. It is usually expressed in dynes/cm (ASTM Designation
D 971.)
ISO Solid Contaminant Code (ISO 4406) -- a code assigned on the basis of the
number of particles per unit volume greater than 5 and 15 micrometers in size.
Range numbers identify each increment in the particle population throughout
the spectrum of levels.
ISO Standard 4021 -- the accepted procedure for extracting samples from dynamic
fluid lines.
ISO viscosity grade -- a number indicating the nominal viscosity of an industrial
fluid lubricant at 40°C (104°F) as defined by ASTM Standard Viscosity
System for Industrial Fluid Lubricants D 2422. Essentially identical to ISO
Standard 3448.
Journal -- that part of a shaft or axle that rotates or angularly oscillates
in or against a bearing or about which a bearing rotates or angularly oscillates.
Journal bearing -- a sliding type of bearing having either rotating or oscillatory
motion and in conjunction with which a journal operates. In a full or sleeve
type journal bearing, the bearing surface is 360° in extent. In a partial
bearing, the bearing surface is less than 360° in extent, i.e., 150°,
120°, etc.
Karl Fischer Reagent Method (ASTM D-1744-64) -- the standard laboratory test
to measure the water content of mineral base fluids. In this method, water reacts
quantitatively with the Karl Fischer reagent. This reagent is a mixture of iodine,
sulfur dioxide, pyridine, and methanol. When excess iodine exists, electric
current can pass between two platinum electrodes or plates. The water in the
sample reacts with the iodine. When the water is no longer free to react with
iodine, an excess of iodine depolarizes the electrodes, signaling the end of
the test.
Kinematic viscosity -- the time required for a fixed amount of an oil to flow
through a capillary tube under the force of gravity. The unit of kinematic viscosity
is the stoke or centistoke (1/100 of a stoke). Kinematic viscosity may be defined
as the quotient of the absolute viscosity in centipoises divided by the specific
gravity of a fluid, both at the same temperature--
Centipoises
Specific Gravity = Centistokes
Lacquer -- a deposit resulting from the oxidation and polymerization of fuels
and lubricants when exposed to high temperatures. Similar to, but harder, than
varnish.
Laminar particles -- particles generated in rolling element bearings which
have been flattened out by a rolling contact.
Lead naphthenate -- a lead soap of naphthenic acids, the latter occurring naturally
in petroleum.
Light obscuration -- the degree of light blockage as reflected in the transmitted
light impinging on the photodiode.
Liquid -- any substance that flows readily or changes in response to the smallest
influence. More generally, any substance in which the force required to produce
a deformation depends on the rate of deformation rather than on the magnitude
of the deformation.
Load-carrying capacity -- property of a lubricant to form a film on the lubricated
surface, which resists rupture under given load conditions. Expressed as maximum
load the lubricated system can support without failure or excessive wear.
Lubricant -- any substance interposed between two surfaces in relative motion
for the purpose of reducing the friction and/or the wear between them.
Lubricity -- ability of an oil or grease to lubricate; also called film strength.
Magnetic -- a separator that uses a magnetic field to attract and hold ferromagnetic
particles.
Magnetic filter -- a filter element that, in addition to its filter medium,
has a magnet or magnets incorporated into its structure to attract and hold
ferromagnetic particles.
Magnetic plug -- strategically located in the flow stream to collect a representative
sample of wear debris circulating in the system: for example, engine swarf,
bearing flakes, and fatigue chunks. The rate of buildup of wear debris reflects
degradation of critical surfaces.
Manifold -- a filter assembly containing multiple ports and integral relating
components which services more than one fluid circuit.
Manifold filter -- a filter in which the inlet and outlet port axes are at
right angles, and the filter element axis is parallel to either port axis.
Media migration -- material passed into the effluent stream composed of the
materials making up the filter medium.
Medium -- the porous material that performs the actual process of filtration.
The plural of this word is "media".
Metal oxides -- oxidized ferrous particles which are very old or have been
recently produced by conditions of inadequate lubrication. Trend is important.
Micrometre (µm) -- See Micron.
Micron -- a unit of length. One Micron = 39 millionths of an inch (.000039").
Contaminant size is usually described in microns. Relatively speaking, a grain
of salt is about 60 microns and the eye can see particles to about 40 microns.
Many hydraulic filters are required to be efficient in capturing a substantial
percentage of contaminant particles as small as 5 microns. A micron is also
known as a micrometre, and exhibited as µm
Microscope method -- a method of particle counting which measures or sizes
particles using an optical microscope.
Mineral oil -- oil derived from a mineral source, such as petroleum, as opposed
to oils derived from plants and animals.
Miscible -- capable of being mixed in any concentration without separation
of phases; e.g., water and ethyl alcohol are miscible.
Moly -- Molybdenum disulfide, a solid lubricant and friction reducer, colloidally
dispersed in some oils and greases.
Motor -- a device which converts fluid power into mechanical force and motion.
It usually provides rotary mechanical motion.
Multigrade oil -- an oil meeting the requirements of more than one SAE viscosity
grade classification, and may therefore be suitable for use over a wider temperature
range than a single-grade oil.
Multipass or recirculation test -- filter performance tests in which the contaminated
fluid is allowed to recirculate through the filter for the duration of the test.
Contaminant is usually added to the test fluid during the test. The test is
used to determine the Beta-Ratio (q.v.) of an element.
Naphthenic -- a type of petroleum fluid derived from naphthenic crude oil,
containing a high proportion of closed-ring methylene groups.
Needle bearing -- a rolling type of bearing containing rolling elements that
are relatively long compared to their diameter.
Neutralization number -- a measure of the total acidity or basicity of an oil;
this includes organic or inorganic acids or bases or a combination thereof (ASTM
Designation D974-58T)
Newtonian fluid -- a fluid with a constant viscosity at a given temperature
regardless of the rate of shear. Single-grade oils are Newtonian fluids. Multigrade
oils are NON-Newtonian fluids because viscosity varies with shear rate.
Nitration -- nitration products are formed during the fuel combustion process
in internal combustion engines. Most nitration products are formed when an excess
of oxygen is present. These products are highly acidic, form deposits in combustion
areas and rapidly accelerate oxidation.
Nominal filtration rating -- an arbitrary micrometer value indicated by a filter
manufacturer. Due to lack of reproducibility this rating is deprecated.
Non-Newtonian fluid -- fluid, such as a grease or a polymer-containing oil
(e.g., multi-grade oil), in which shear stress is not proportional to shear
rate.
Nonwoven medium -- a filter medium composed of a mat of fibers.
Obliteration -- a synergistic phenomenon of both particle silting and polar
adhesion. When water and silt particles co-exist in a fluid containing long-chain
molecules, the tendency for valves to undergo obliteration increases.
Oil -- a greasy, unctuous liquid of vegetable, animal, mineral or synthetic
origin.
Oiliness -- that property of a lubricant that produces low friction under conditions
of boundary lubrication. The lower the friction, the greater the oiliness.
Oil ring -- a loose ring, the inner surface of which rides a shaft or journal
and dips into a reservoir of lubricant from which it carries the lubricant to
the top of a bearing by its rotation with the shaft.
Open bubble point (boil point) -- the differential gas pressure at which gas
bubbles are profusely emitted from the entire surface of a wetted filter element
under specified test conditions.
Oxidation -- occurs when oxygen attacks petroleum fluids. The process is accelerated
by heat, light, metal catalysts and the presence of water, acids, or solid contaminants.
It leads to increased viscosity and deposit formation.
Oxidation inhibitor -- substance added in small quantities to a petroleum product
to increase its oxidation resistance, thereby lengthening its service or storage
life; also called anti-oxidant. An oxidation inhibitor may work in one of these
ways: (1) by combining with and modifying peroxides (initial oxidation products)
to render them harmless, (2) by decomposing the peroxides, or (3) by rendering
an oxidation catalyst inert.
Oxidation stability -- ability of a lubricant to resist natural degradation
upon contact with oxygen.
Paper chromatography -- a method which involves placing a drop of fluid on
a permeable piece of paper and noting the development and nature of the halos,
or rings, surrounding the drop through time. The roots of this test can be traced
to the 1940s, when railroads used the "blotter spot" tests.
Paraffinic -- a type of petroleum fluid derived from paraffinic crude oil and
containing a high proportion of straight chain saturated hydrocarbons. Often
susceptible to cold flow problems.
Particle count -- the number of particles present greater than a particular
micron size per unit volume of fluid often stated as particles > 10 microns
per milliliter.
Particle density -- an important parameter in establishing an entrained particle's
potential to impinge on control surfaces and cause erosion.
Particle erosion -- occurs when fluid-entrained particles moving at high velocity
pass through orifices or impinge on metering surfaces or sharp angle turns.
Particle impingement erosion -- a particulate wear process where high velocity,
fluid-entrained particles are directed at target surfaces.
Patch test -- a method by which a specified volume of fluid is filtered through
a membrane filter of known pore structure. All particulate matter in excess
of an "average size," determined by the membrane characteristics,
is retained on its surface. Thus, the membrane is discolored by an amount proportional
to the particulate level of the fluid sample. Visually comparing the test filter
with standard patches of known contamination levels determines acceptability
for a given fluid.
Permeability -- the relationship of flow per unit area to differential pressure
across a filter medium.
pH -- measure of alkalinity or acidity in water and water-containing fluids.
pH can be used to determine the corrosion-inhibiting characteristic in water-based
fluids. Typically, pH > 8.0 is required to inhibit corrosion of iron and
ferrous alloys in water-based fluids.
Pinion -- the smaller of two mating or meshing gears; can be either the driving
or the driven gear.
Pitting -- a form of extremely localized attack characterized by holes in the
metal. Pitting is one of the most destructive and insidious forms of corrosion.
Depending on the environment and the material, a pit may take months, or even
years, to become visible.
Pleated filter -- a filter element whose medium consists of a series of uniform
folds and has the geometric form of a cylinder, cone, disc, plate, etc. Synonymous
with "convoluted" and "corrugated".
Pneumatics -- engineering science pertaining to gaseous pressure and flow.
Poise (absolute viscosity) -- a measure of viscosity numerically equal to the
force required to move a plane surface of one square centimeter per second when
the surfaces are separated by a layer of fluid one centimeter in thickness.
It is the ratio of the shearing stress to the shear rate of a fluid and is expressed
in dyne seconds per square centimeter (DYNE SEC/CM2); 1 centipoise equals .01
poise.
Polar compound -- a chemical compound whose molecules exhibit electrically
positive characteristics at one extremity and negative characteristics at the
other. Polar compounds are used as additives in many petroleum products. Polarity
gives certain molecules a strong affinity for solid surfaces; as lubricant additives
(oiliness agents), such molecules plate out to form a tenacious, friction-reducing
film. Some polar molecules are oil-soluble at one end and water-soluble at the
other end; in lubricants, they act as emulsifiers, helping to form stable oil-water
emulsions. Such lubricants are said to have good metal-wetting properties. Polar
compounds with a strong attraction for solid contaminants act as detergents
in engine oils by keeping contaminants finely dispersed.
Polishing (bore) -- excessive smoothing of the surface finish of the cylinder
bore or cylinder liner in an engine to a mirror-like appearance, resulting in
depreciation of ring sealing and oil consumption performance.
Polymerization -- the chemical combination of similar-type molecules to form
larger molecules.
Pore -- a small channel or opening in a filter medium which allows passage
of fluid.
Pore size distribution -- the ratio of the number of effective holes of a given
size to the total number of effective holes per unit area expressed as a percent
and as a function of hole size.
Porosity -- the ratio of pore volume to total volume of a filter medium expressed
as a percent.
Positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) -- system for removing blow-by gases from
the crankcase and returning them through the carburetor intake manifold to the
combustion chamber where the recirculated hydrocarbons are burned. A PC valve
controls the flow of gases from the crankcase to reduce hydrocarbon emissions.
Pour point -- lowest temperature at which an oil or distillate fuel is observed
to flow, when cooled under conditions prescribed by test method ASTM D 97. The
pour point is 3°C (5°F) above the temperature at which the oil in a
test vessel shows no movement when the container is held horizontally for five
seconds.
Pour point depressant -- an additive which retards the adverse effects of wax
crystallization, and lowers the pour point.
Power unit -- a combination of pump, pump drive, reservoir, controls and conditioning
components which may be required for its application.
Predictive maintenance -- a type of condition-based maintenance emphasizing
early prediction of failure using non-destructive techniques such as vibration
analysis, thermography, and wear debris analysis.
Pressure -- force per unit area, usually expressed in pounds per square inch.
Pressure, absolute -- the sum of atmospheric and gage pressures.
Pressure, atmospheric -- pressure exerted by the atmosphere at any specific
location. (Sea level pressure is approximately 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute.)
Pressure, back -- the pressure encountered on the return side of a system.
Pressure, cracking -- the pressure at which a pressure operated valve begins
to pass fluid.
Pressure, rated -- the qualified operating pressure which is recommended for
a component or a system by the manufacturer.
Pressure, system -- the pressure which overcomes the total resistances in a
system. It includes all losses as well as useful work.
Pressure Drop -- Resistance to flow created by the element (media) in a filter.
Defined as the difference in pressure upstream (inlet side of the filter) and
downstream (outlet side of the filter).
Pressure gage -- pressure differential above or below atmospheric pressure.
Pressure line filter -- a filter located in a line conducting working fluid
to a working device or devices.
Preventive maintenance -- maintenance performed according to a fixed schedule
involving the routine repair and replacement of machine parts and components.
Proactive maintenance -- a type of condition-based maintenance emphasizing
the routine detection and correction of root cause conditions that would otherwise
lead to failure. Such root causes as high lubricant contaminant, alignment and
balance are among the most critical.
PSIA -- pounds per square inch absolute. (PSIG + 14.696)
PSID -- pounds per square inch differential.
PSIG -- pounds per square inch gauge (PSIA - 14.696)
Pump -- a device which converts mechanical force and motion into hydraulic
fluid power.
Pumpability -- the low temperature, low shear stress-shear rate viscosity characteristics
of an oil that permit satisfactory flow to and from the engine oil pump and
subsequent lubrication of moving components.
Pump, fixed displacement -- a pump in which the displacement per cycle cannot
be varied.
Pump, variable displacement -- a pump in which the displacement per cycle can
be varied.
Rate of shear -- the difference between the velocities along the parallel faces
of a fluid element divided by the distance between the faces.
Reducer -- a connector having a smaller line size at one end than the other.
Refraction -- the change of direction or speed of light as it passes from one
medium to another.
Rerefining -- a process of reclaiming used lubricant oils and restoring them
to a condition similar to that of virgin stocks by filtration, clay adsorption
or more elaborate methods.
Reservoir -- a container for storage of liquid in a fluid power system.
Reservoir (sump) filter - a filter installed in a reservoir in series with
a suction or return line.
Residual dirt capacity -- the dirt capacity remaining in a service loaded filter
element after use, but before cleaning, measured under the same conditions as
the dirt capacity of a new filter element.
Return line -- a location in a line conducting fluid from working device to
reservoir.
Return Line Filtration -- filters located upstream of the reservoir but after
fluid has passed through the system's output components (cylinders, motors,
etc.).
Ring lubrication -- a system of lubrication in which the lubricant is supplied
to the bearing by an oil ring.
Rings -- circular metallic elements that ride in the grooves of a piston and
provide compression sealing during combustion. Also used to spread oil for lubrication.
Ring sticking -- freezing of a piston ring in its groove in a piston engine
or reciprocating compressor due to heavy deposits in the piston ring zone.
Roll-off cleanliness -- the fluid system contamination level at the time of
release from an assembly or overhaul line. Fluid system life can be shortened
significantly by full-load operation under a high fluid contamination condition
for just a few hours. Contaminant implanted and generated during the break-in
period can devastate critical components unless removed under controlled operating
and high performance filtering conditions.
Roller bearing -- an antifriction bearing comprising rolling elements in the
form of rollers.
Rust prevention test (turbine oils) -- a test for determining the ability of
an oil to aid in preventing the rusting of ferrous parts in the presence of
water.
Sample preparation -- fluid factors that can enhance the accuracy of the particulate
analysis. Such factors include particle dispersion, particle settling, and sample
dilution.
Saturation level -- the amount of water that can dissolve in a fluid.
Saybolt Universal Viscosity (SUV) or Saybolt Universal Seconds, (SUS) -- the
time in seconds required for 60 cubic centimeters of a fluid to flow through
the orifice of the Standard Saybolt Universal Viscometer at a given temperature
under specified conditions. (ASTM Designation D 88.)
Scuffing -- abnormal engine wear due to localized welding and fracture. It
can be prevented through the use of antiwear, extreme-pressure and friction
modifier additives.
Scuffing particles -- large twisted and discolored metallic particles resulting
from adhesive wear due to complete lubricant film breakdown.
Semisolid -- any substance having the attributes of both a solid and a liquid.
Similar to semiliquid but being more closely related to a solid than a liquid.
More generally, any substance in which the force required to produce a deformation
depends both on the magnitude and on the rate of the deformation.
Shear rate -- rate at which adjacent layers of fluid move with respect to each
other, usually expressed as reciprocal seconds.
Shear stress -- frictional force overcome in sliding one "layer"
of fluid along another, as in any fluid flow. The shear stress of a petroleum
oil or other Newtonian fluid at a given temperature varies directly with shear
rate (velocity). The ratio between shear stress and shear rate is constant;
this ratio is termed viscosity of a Newtonian fluid, the greater the shear stress
as a function of rate of shear. In a non-Newtonian fluid -- such as a grease
or a polymer-containing oil (e.g. multi-grade oil) -- shear stress is not proportional
to the rate of shear. A non-Newtonian fluid may be said to have an apparent
viscosity, a viscosity that holds only for the shear rate (and temperature)
at which the viscosity is determined.
Silt -- contaminant particles 5 µm and less in size.
Silting -- a failure generally associated with a valve which movements are
restricted due to small particles that have wedged in between critical clearances
(e.g., the spool and bore.)
Single-pass test -- filter performance tests in which contaminant which passes
through a test filter is not allowed to recirculate back to the test filter.
Sintered medium -- a metallic or nonmetallic filter medium processed to cause
diffusion bonds at all contacting points.
Sleeve bearing -- a journal bearing, usually a full journal bearing.
Sludge -- insoluble material formed as a result either of deterioration reactions
in an oil or of contamination of an oil, or both.
Solid -- any substance having a definite shape which it does not readily relinquish.
More generally, any substance in which the force required to produce a deformation
depends upon the magnitude of the deformation rather than upon the rate of deformation.
Solvency -- ability of a fluid to dissolve inorganic materials and polymers,
which is a function of aromaticity.
Specific gravity (liquid) -- the ratio of the weight of a given volume of liquid
to the weight of an equal volume of water.
Specific gravity -- the ratio of the weight of a given volume of material to
the weight of an equal volume of water.
Spectrographic analysis -- determines the concentration of elements represented
in the entrained fluid contaminant.
Spectrographic Oil Analysis Program (SOAP) -- procedures for extracting fluid
samples from operating systems and analyzing them spectrographically for the
presence of key elements.
Spin-on filter -- a throw-away type bowl and element assembly that mates with
a permanently installed head.
Spindle oil -- a light-bodied oil used principally for lubricating textile
spindles and for light, high-speed machinery.
Splash lubrication -- a system of lubrication in which parts of a mechanism
dip into and splash the lubricant onto themselves and/or other parts of the
mechanism.
Static friction -- the force just sufficient to initiate relative motion between
two bodies under load. The value of the static friction at the instant relative
motion begins is termed break-away friction.
Stoke (St) -- kinematic measurement of a fluid's resistance to flow defined
by the ratio of the fluid's dynamic viscosity to its density.
Strainer -- a coarse filter element (pore size over approximately 40 µm)
Suction filter -- a pump intake-line filter in which the fluid is below atmospheric
pressure.
Sulfated ash -- the ash content of fresh, compounded lubricating oil as determined
by ASTM Method D 874. Indicates level of metallic additives in the oil.
Sulfurized oil -- oil to which sulfur or sulfur compounds have been added.
Surface fatigue wear -- the formation of surface or subsurface cracks and fatigue
crack propagation. It results from cyclic loading of a surface.
Surface filtration -- filtration which primarily retains contaminant on the
influent surface.
Surface tension -- the contractile surface force of a liquid by which it tends
to assume a spherical form and to present the least possible surface. It is
expressed in dynes/cm or ergs/cm2.
Surfactant -- surface-active agent that reduces interfacial tension of a liquid.
A surfactant used in a petroleum oil may increase the oil's affinity for metals
and other materials.
Surge -- a momentary rise of pressure in a circuit.
Swarf -- the cuttings, and grinding fines that result from metal working operations.
Switch, pressure -- an electric switch operated by fluid pressure.
Synthetic lubricant -- a lubricant produced by chemical synthesis rather than
by extraction or refinement of petroleum to produce a compound with planned
and predictable properties.
Synthetic hydrocarbon -- oil molecule with superior oxidation quality tailored
primarily out of paraffinic materials.
Thermography -- the use of infrared thermography whereby temperatures of a
wide variety of targets can be measured remotely and without contact. This is
accomplished by measuring the infrared energy radiating from the surface of
the target and converting this measurement to an equivalent surface temperature.
Thermal conductivity -- measure of the ability of a solid or liquid to transfer
heat.
Thermal stability -- ability of a fuel or lubricant to resist oxidation under
high temperature operating conditions.
Thin film lubrication -- a condition of lubrication in which the film thickness
of the lubricant is such that the friction between the surfaces is determined
by the properties of the surfaces as well as by the viscosity of the lubricant.
Thixotropy -- that property of a lubricating grease which is manifested by
a softening in consistency as a result of shearing followed by a hardening in
consistency starting immediately after the shearing is stopped.
Three-body abrasion -- a particulate wear process by which particles are pressed
between two sliding surfaces.
Thrust Bearing -- an axial-load bearing.
Timken OK Load -- the heaviest load that a test lubricant will sustain without
scoring the test block in the Timken Test procedures, ASTM Methods D 2509 (greases)
and D 2782 (oils).
Total Acid Number (TAN) -- the quantity of base, expressed in milligrams of
potassium hydroxide, that is required to neutralize all acidic constituents
present in 1 gram of sample. (ASTM Designation D 974.)
Total Base Number (TBN) -- the quantity of acid, expressed in terms of the
equivalent number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide that is required to neutralize
all basic constituents present in 1 gram of sample. (ASTM Designation D 974.)
Tribology -- the science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative
motion, including the study of lubrication, friction and wear. Tribological
wear is wear that occurs as a result of relative motion at the surface.
Turbidity -- the degree of opacity of a fluid.
Turbulent flow sampler -- a sampler that contains a flow path in which turbulence
is induced in the main stream by abruptly changing the direction of the fluid.
Unloading -- the release of contaminant that was initially captured by the
filter medium.
Vacuum separator -- a separator that utilizes subatmospheric pressure to remove
certain gases and liquids from another liquid because of their difference in
vapor pressure.
Valve, by-pass -- a valve whose primary function is to provide an alternate
flow path.
Valve, directional control -- a valve whose primary function is to direct or
prevent flow through selected passages.
Valve, directional control, servo -- a directional control valve which modulates
flow or pressure as a function of its input signal.
Valve, flow control -- a valve whose primary function is to control flow rate.
Valve, pressure control, relief -- a pressure control valve whose primary function
is to limit system pressure.
Valve, relief, differential pressure -- a valve whose primary function is to
limit differential pressure.
Valve -- a device which controls fluid flow direction, pressure, or flow rate.
Valve lifter -- sometimes called a "cam follower," a component in
engine designs that use a linkage system between a cam and the valve it operates.
The lifter typically translates the rotational motion of the cam to a reciprocating
linear motion in the linkage system.
Vapor pressure -- pressure of a confined vapor in equilibrium with its liquid
at specified temperature thus, a measure of a liquid's volatility.
Vapor Pressure-Reid (RVP) -- measure of the pressure of vapor accumulated above
a sample of gasoline or other volatile fuel in a standard bomb at 100°F
(37.8°C). Used to predict the vapor locking tendencies of the fuel in a
vehicle's fuel system. Controlled by law in some areas to limit air pollution
from hydrocarbon evaporation while dispensing.
Varnish -- when applied to lubrication, a thin, insoluble, nonwipeable film
deposit occurring on interior parts, resulting from the oxidation and polymerization
of fuels and lubricants. Can cause sticking and malfunction of close-clearance
moving parts. Similar to, but softer, than lacquer.
Viscometer or Viscosimeter -- an apparatus for determining the viscosity of
a fluid.
Viscosity -- measurement of a fluid's resistance to flow. The common metric
unit of absolute viscosity is the poise, which is defined as the force in dynes
required to move a surface one square centimeter in area past a parallel surface
at a speed of one centimeter per second, with the surfaces separated by a fluid
film one centimeter thick. In addition to kinematic viscosity, there are other
methods for determining viscosity, including Saybolt Universal Viscosity (SUV),
Saybolt Furol viscosity, Engier viscosity, and Redwood viscosity. Since viscosity
varies in inversely with temperature, its value is meaningless until the temperature
at which it is determined is reported.
Viscosity, absolute -- the ration of the shearing stress to the shear rate
of a fluid. It is usually expressed in centipoise.
Viscosity, kinematic -- the absolute viscosity divided by the density of the
fluid. It is usually expressed in centistokes.
Viscosity, SUS -- Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS), which is the time in seconds
for 60 milliliters of oil to flow through a standard orifice at a given temperature.
(ASTM Designation D88-56.)
Viscosity grade -- any of a number of systems which characterize lubricants
according to viscosity for particular applications, such as industrial oils,
gear oils, automotive engine oils, automotive gear oils, and aircraft piston
engine oils.
Viscosity index (VI) -- a commonly used measure of a fluid's change of viscosity
with temperature. The higher the viscosity index, the smaller the relative change
in viscosity with temperature.
Viscosity index improvers -- additives that increase the viscosity of the fluid
throughout its useful temperature range. Such additives are polymers that possess
thickening power as a result of their high molecular weight and are necessary
for formulation of multi-grade engine oils.
Viscosity modifier -- lubricant additive, usually a high molecular weight polymer,
that reduces the tendency of an oil's viscosity to change with temperature.
Viscous -- possessing viscosity. Frequently used to imply high viscosity.
Volatility -- this property describes the degree and rate at which a liquid
will vaporize under given conditions of temperature and pressure. When liquid
stability changes, this property is often reduced in value.
Wear -- the attrition or rubbing away of the surface of a material as a result
of mechanical action.
Wicking -- the vertical absorption of a liquid into a porous material by capillary
forces.
ZDDP -- an antiwear additive found in many types of hydraulic and lubricating
fluids. Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate.
ABBREVIATIONS, PREFIXES, AND LETTER SYMBOLS
amp -- ampere
ARP -- Aeronautical Recommended Practice
ASLE -- American Society of Lubrication Engineers. Changed now to Society of
Tribologist and Lubrication Engineers (STLE).
ASME -- American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM -- American Society for Testing Materials
ANSI -- American National Standards Institute
atm -- atmosphere
BTU -- British thermal unit
C or cent. -- centigrade
cc -- cubic centimeter
cm -- centimeter
cfm -- cubic feet per minute
GPM -- gallons per minute
hp or HP -- horsepower
HVI -- High Viscosity Index, typically from 80 to 110 VI units.
Hz -- Hertz (cycles per second)
ISO -- International Standards Organization, sets viscosity reference scales.
JIC -- Joint Industry Conference
kg -- kilograms
km -- kilometer
kHz -- thousand Hertz (cycles per second)
log -- logarithm (common)
LVI -- Low Viscosity Index, typically below 40 VI units.
MIL -- military
M -- meter
µm -- micron (micro-meter)
NFPA -- National Fluid Power Association
NEMA -- National Electrical Manufacturers Association
NEC -- National Electrical Code
NAS -- National Aerospace Standard
NASA -- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
psi -- pounds per square inch
psia -- pounds per square inch absolute
rpm -- revolutions per minute
SAE -- Society of Automotive Engineers, an organization serving the automotive
industry.
SSU -- Saybolt Universal Seconds (or SUS), a unit of measure used to indicate
viscosity, e.g., SSU @ 100° F
STLE -- Society of Tribologist and Lubrication Engineers, formerly ASLE, American
Society of Lubrication Engineers.
P -- pressure - psi
PPM -- parts per million (1/ppm = 0.000001). Generally by weight. 100 ppm =
0.01%; 10,000 ppm = 1%
Q -- flow rate - GPM
t -- time in seconds
P -- pressure drop psid
T -- temperature change, Fahrenheit
V -- total volume (gals)
PREFIXES - U.S. TERM
kilo -- Thousand
mega -- Million
centi -- Hundredth
milli -- Thousandth
micro -- Millionth
CLEANLINESS DEFINITIONS
Clean-- 100 particles >10 micron per milliliter
Superclean-- 10 particles >10 micron per milliliter
Ultraclean-- 1 particle >10 micron per milliliter
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